Aluminum hydroxide and Food

Citrate, or citric acid, can increase the absorption of aluminum hydroxide. This may lead to elevated blood levels of aluminum, particularly in individuals with reduced kidney function, since aluminum is primarily eliminated by the kidneys. Excess aluminum may deposit and cause problems in various tissues including bone, brain, heart, liver, muscles, and spleen. Over time, weak bones, bone pain, fractures, skeletal deformity, brain disorders, and anemia may develop. Talk to your doctor before using aluminum hydroxide if you have kidney impairment or are on hemodialysis. You should avoid or limit the consumption of citrate-containing foods and beverages (e.G., soft drinks, citrus fruits, fruit juices) during treatment with aluminum hydroxide. Be aware that some effervescent and dispersible drug formulations may also contain citrate and should be restricted as well. Even if you do not have kidney problems, it may be best to separate the dosing of aluminum hydroxide and citrate-containing products by 2 to 3 hours. Talk to a healthcare professional if you have any questions or concerns. It is important to tell your doctor about all other medications you use, including vitamins and herbs. Do not stop using any medications without first talking to your doctor. When aluminum hydroxide is taken during enteral nutrition therapy (tube feeding), the tube may get clogged. Therefore, aluminum hydroxide should not be mixed with or given after high-protein tube feedings. The dose should be separated from the feeding by as much as possible, and the tube should be thoroughly flushed before administration of the dose.

GENERALLY AVOID: The concomitant administration of aluminum-containing products (e.g., antacids and phosphate binders) and citrates may significantly increase serum aluminum concentrations, resulting in toxicity. Citrates or citric acid are contained in numerous soft drinks, citrus fruits, juices, and effervescent and dispersible drug formulations. Citrates enhance the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum by an unknown mechanism, which may involve the formation of a soluble aluminum-citrate complex. Various studies have reported that citrate increases aluminum absorption by 4.6- to 50-fold in healthy subjects. Patients with renal insufficiency are particularly at risk of developing hyperaluminemia and encephalopathy. Fatalities have been reported. Patients with renal failure or on hemodialysis may also be at risk from soft drinks and effervescent and dispersible drug formulations that contain citrates or citric acid. It is unknown what effect citrus fruits or juices would have on aluminum absorption in healthy patients.

MANAGEMENT: The concomitant use of aluminum- and citrate-containing products and foods should be avoided by renally impaired patients. Hemodialysis patients should especially be cautioned about effervescent and dispersible over-the-counter remedies and soft drinks. Some experts also recommend that healthy patients should separate doses of aluminum-containing antacids and citrates by 2 to 3 hours.

ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: The administration of aluminum-containing antacids with enteral nutrition may result in precipitation, formation of bezoars, and obstruction of feeding tubes. The proposed mechanism is the formation of an insoluble complex between the aluminum and the protein in the enteral feeding. Several cases of esophageal plugs and nasogastric tube obstructions have been reported in patients receiving high-protein liquids and an aluminum hydroxide-magnesium hydroxide antacid or an aluminum hydroxide antacid.

MANAGEMENT: Some experts recommend that antacids should not be mixed with or given after high protein formulations, that the antacid dose should be separated from the feeding by as much as possible, and that the tube should be thoroughly flushed before administration.